Free Essays on Public Policy

The process of policymaking, like most other aspects of public policy, cannot simply be understood by examining flow charts and diagrams. Traditional teaching models like How a Bill Becomes a Law fail to take into account other policy-making factors like interest group and constituency influence, agenda setting and the role of the mass media. In the text, Dye illustrates the process that occurs in the enactment of public policy. Dye’s process of policymaking contains six steps. Each part of the process is essential to understanding public policy, and each part has varying participants. The six parts of Dye’s policymaking process are problem identification, agenda setting, policy formulation, policy legitimation, policy implementation and policy evaluation. Ideally, individual citizens and groups of individual citizens bring about the problems identified in our system of government. Democratic systems are designed to meet the demands brought about by its citizen. However, it is not possible for the government to meet every demand of every citizen. On top of this, the government rarely hears the demands of ordinary citizens on a regular basis. Thus, agenda setting, or deciding what the government pays attention to, is crucial in the making of public policy. Dye defines agenda setting as â€Å"Deciding what issues will be decided and what problems will be addressed by the government†. Scarcity on the political agenda creates the need for political elites, including but not limited to the president and congress, to draw attention to certain societal problems. In terms of agenda setting, political elites have almost absolute control. The next step in the policymaking process is policy formulation. Policy formulation is the development of policy alternatives for dealing with problems on the agenda. Once a problem becomes important enough to be on the political agenda, policy alternatives are formulated to fix that pro... Free Essays on Public Policy Free Essays on Public Policy The process of policymaking, like most other aspects of public policy, cannot simply be understood by examining flow charts and diagrams. Traditional teaching models like How a Bill Becomes a Law fail to take into account other policy-making factors like interest group and constituency influence, agenda setting and the role of the mass media. In the text, Dye illustrates the process that occurs in the enactment of public policy. Dye’s process of policymaking contains six steps. Each part of the process is essential to understanding public policy, and each part has varying participants. The six parts of Dye’s policymaking process are problem identification, agenda setting, policy formulation, policy legitimation, policy implementation and policy evaluation. Ideally, individual citizens and groups of individual citizens bring about the problems identified in our system of government. Democratic systems are designed to meet the demands brought about by its citizen. However, it is not possible for the government to meet every demand of every citizen. On top of this, the government rarely hears the demands of ordinary citizens on a regular basis. Thus, agenda setting, or deciding what the government pays attention to, is crucial in the making of public policy. Dye defines agenda setting as â€Å"Deciding what issues will be decided and what problems will be addressed by the government†. Scarcity on the political agenda creates the need for political elites, including but not limited to the president and congress, to draw attention to certain societal problems. In terms of agenda setting, political elites have almost absolute control. The next step in the policymaking process is policy formulation. Policy formulation is the development of policy alternatives for dealing with problems on the agenda. Once a problem becomes important enough to be on the political agenda, policy alternatives are formulated to fix that pro...

PRIVACY AND THEN NOW Example

PRIVACY AND THEN NOW Example PRIVACY AND THEN NOW – Coursework Example Privacy now and then According to Warren and Brandeis, privacy was a reflection of social condition of its era. In fact, the concept of privacy developed by Warren and Brandeis was a response to industrialization, impersonalization of work and growth of mass urban areas. They argue that the right of privacy was a necessary outgrowth of the â€Å"intensity and complexity of life† realized through advancing civilization. They added that social standards and morality were to be protected hence the object of privacy according to Warren and Brandeis, was an effort to preserve communitarian values and institutions (Bezanson, 1992). The social and cultural changes that took place between 1890 and 1990 played a vital role in shaping today’s privacy rules. It is a fact to claim that circumstances have changed so much that the rationale of privacy also has to change (Bezanson, 1992). The 1890 privacy focused more on the problem of access by the lower class of society to gain the information regarding the upper class. However, the 1990 privacy was more of a democratic concept as opposed to class. That is, the concept of privacy focused on individual’s interest in some measure of control over self through control over information (Bezanson, 1992). In 1890, the privacy rules were intended to protect the operation of a fixed set of social arrangements and conventions through regulating the process of disclosing the information. On the contrary, the 1990 privacy rules aimed at giving an individual control over the disclosure of confidential personal information through a complex combination of personal and social relationship (Bezanson, 1992). In conclusion, the concept of privacy in the 21st century has been modified to focus on individual’s identified private information thereby addressing two concerns of the common law: rules of liability should be inclined to consistent and principled application, and rules should be established upon social con sensus that is a true reflection of the complexities of social arrangements. ReferencesBezanson, R. P. (1992). The Right to Privacy Revisited: Privacy News and Social change, 1890-1990. Carlifonia: Carlifonia Law Review.

The Absent People The Symbolic Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Absent People The Symbolic Republic - Essay Example By doing this, we will not only be able to understand about what the primary purpose was of Rosanvallon's writing this book, but as well how Rosanvallon himself thinks and what his major goals are. This is what will be dissertated in the following. One of the most major issues that is discussed in this book is that of the matter of repoliticizing democracy, and in the beginning of this discussion, Rosanvallon makes it very clear that he has an approach which "forces the stress to fall on the paradox that the growth of social power, in essentially negative modes, has come linked to forms of the hollowing of the political. The response to undertake, on the basis of the foregoing understanding, has two components: the institutionalization and rationalization of the forms of indirect democracy on the one hand and its politicization on the other" (Rosanvallon, 2006). These two components are incredibly important to take into consideration and in order to take them properly into consideration, we need to compare them with that of other work, such as for instance that of John J. Davenport, who too specializes in the same area as Rosanvallon, and in Davenport's opinion, he rather negatively criticizes that of the institutionalization and rationalization of the forms of indirect democracy, as he points out that there are many flaws that occur within this. As well, he makes statements that moralize around the opinion that the theory of socialization has a lot to do with this matter, and he argues that it is yet not included enough. While someone like Davenport believes that there would be much that would be needed to be done in order to even come to a remote form of civilization in regards to the matter of institutionalization and rationalization of the forms of indirect democracy, Rosanvallon on the other hand, believes that this component is actually the easiest to grasp out of the two, and that it would actually not take all that much to make some sort of a contribution or a change in regards to this matter. With the second component of democratic progress, which Rosanvallon - and many others - believe should be put into action, which is that of the politicization of indirect democracy, he believes that this co mponent is actually the most difficult out of the two given, and as well that it is the most important. Rosanvallon makes it very clear throughout this particular work of his that he believes that there is an incredibly large range of practical works of resymbolization, and as well of the production of generality. He states that "Against exceptionalist conceptions of the political, the return of the political would have to be understood as proceeding from an ensemble of actions and discourses for producing commonality and making the system of social interactions both more legible and more visible. Giving meaning back to politics, then, cannot take place in the first instance through the

How to make oral presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

How to make oral presentation - Essay Example It is also easier to understand the topic if it is interpreted in simpler words. Make an outline of the presentation. This will help organize not only the presentation but also the thought of the person delivering the oral presentation. Outline serves as guide for the presentation. This could be done through powerpoint and the presentor’s own printed copy with corresponding explanation. Do a dry run presentation a couple of days before the presentation. It will also help a lot if such dry run will be recorded so that the student can play back and observe how he or she is doing in the presentation and do some corresponding adjustments to make the presentation better. Dry run will also let the student have a feel of the presentation which would help diminish the nervousness during the presentation proper. Also, dry runs allow the student to make all possible mistakes without the deduction in grade or embarrassment. Do one last review and dry run of the subject matter to be presented a day before the presentation. Then relax and get enough sleep. Arrive at the presentation venue earlier to be able to relax and settle down. This will help to remove the nervousness and make the presentor more

Marketing Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Master - Case Study Example Price competition, backed by improved efficiency, is the main feature of this industry today (Chrisman et al 2003). Mission: the mission of Kitchen Made Pies is to produce and market high-quality fresh and frozen pies to institutional customers and restaurants. The original mission had made it clear that it was in the relatively unexploited sector that Kitchen Made Pies saw its clearest opportunity for innovation. Kitchen Made Pies set out to create a range of high-quality products that were distinctive in type, and especially appealing to people who had acquired a taste for pies. A wholesome, appetizing and, at same time, slightly exotic taste experience is what Kitchen Made Pies wanted to offer (Chrisman et al 2003). Goals: the main goal of the company is to get and keep a customer. Also, Kitchen Made Pies is aimed to achieve competitive advantage and sustainable competitive creating value for their customers, select markets where they can excel and present a moving target to their competitors by continually improving their position. Three of the most important factors are innovation, quality and inventory reduction. In order to improve logistics, the company is aimed to concentrate on doing business with drop-shippers which allow to involve larger orders. A continuum of resource sustainability is to compose resources and capabilities characterized by their durability and imitability. Financial goal is to increase sales and liquidity of business (Chrisman et al 2003; Paley, 2006). Marketing Policies Marketing policies Be in one of the most highly rated industries for stability and success, Kitchen Made Pies offers a high quality pies to everyone who wants an excellent taste. It is advantage is that Kitchen Made Pies can meet the requirement of wide audience marketing fresh and frozen pies. The high quality ingredients are the main criterion for Kitchen Made Pies. It does not want to reduce costs of production as it can worsen quality of their products. Recent years, sales of the company have failed (Paley, 2006). According the present day situation: "the current product mix, sales of approximately $35,000 per week which is $1,829,000 per year" (Chrisman et al 2003, p. 45). PR personnel also play a key role in responding to unflattering media reports or controversies that arise because of company activities in different parts of country. The basic tools of public relations include news releases, newsletters, media kits, press conferences, tours of plants and other company facilit ies. Financial Policies Financial policies Financial situation of the company suggest that it needs additional costs to cover all the expenses. According to Financial data, the net profit sales is "- 10,91%", total assets is " - 44,9%" and equity is "- 65,4%" (Chrisman et al 2003, p. 45). In general, these are very low figures for the company like Kitchen Made Pies. The other problem is that the bank note is due, and Kitchen Made Pies has to pay it. Refinancing the loan is the major concern of the company. Another negative situation is low liquidity which can have a great impact on the future financial situation of Kitchen Made Pies. Also, the major problem is Dean Distributing which has a poor payment record. High production costs are concern of the co

Preparing Salts- IB Lab Essay Example for Free

Preparing Salts- IB Lab Essay Calcium chloride (CaCl2) has been manufactured for over 100 years. The salt is used in a variety of industrial and consumer products, and is supplied as flakes, pebbles, pellets, powders and solutions with varying concentrations. Calcium chloride dissociates easily in water to form Ca and Cl ions. Calcium is essential for the formation of skeletons, neural transmission, and muscle contraction, coagulation of the blood, and algae and higher plant growth. Chloride ions are also required for normal cellular operations in animals and humans, and serve as a micronutrient for plants, playing important roles in photosynthesis and osmoregulation. Calcium chloride is considered to be practically non-toxic to aquatic organisms and bioaccumulation is unlikely. Calcium chloride does not burn and is not flammable. Calcium chloride is corrosive to some metals. Calcium chloride is completely soluble in water. Because calcium chloride is hygroscopic, it should be stored in a dry place and be protected from atmospheric moisture. Heat is produced when calcium chloride is dissolved in water and spattering and boiling can occur. (Calcium Chloride SIDS Initial Assessment Profile, 4, 12-14) Salts are prepared by five methods. A metal can combine directly with a nonmetal to form a salt. A metal can react with acid to form a salt and release hydrogen gas. A base can react with an acid to form a salt and water. An acid can react with a carbonate and form a salt, carbon dioxide and water. And finally two salts can react to form two other salts. AIM (PURPOSE) Our aim was to create 0,124 grams of calcium chloride. In order to prepare the salt, we used a base and an acid. The reason why we chose this method was first, we had the chemicals and second, using two salts was dangerous. So we have decided to use neutralization method. HYPOTHESIS We predict that we will obtain 0.124 grams of CaCl2, because we used the correct stoichiometric amounts of the reactants HCl and Ca(OH)2 , according to the mole ratio for their reaction. VARIABLES To prepare the right amount of salt, we had to keep the temperature stable. We used room temperature. Although we heated the beaker, we let it cool down before measuring its mass. Another constant variable was concentration. We had to keep it still so that there wouldnt be a change in the reaction. Everybody in the class prepared different salt so everybody had different kinds of ions and since the salts were different, their solubility was different too. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT Beaker 100 ml 0.0815 grams of HCl 0.0828 grams of Ca(OH)2 Plastik dropper Scale Heater Spatula PROCEDURE 1) First of all, we decided which acid and base we should use. Since we had HCl and Ca(OH)2 in chemistry lab, we decided to use this acid and base. 2) We wrote the chemical equation of the reaction. 2HCl + Ca(OH)2 2H2O + CaCl2 We used HCl acid and Ca(OH)2 base. When an acid and a base react, they form water and a salt. After writing down the products and reactants, we balanced the equation. 3) In order to make 0.124 grams of salt, we needed to know the amount of reactants we should use. To find out, we used stoichiometry. 2HCl + Ca(OH)2 2H2O + CaCl2 2 moles 1 mole 2 moles 1 mole H:1.01 Ca:40.08 H2:2.02 Ca:40.08 Cl:35.45 O2: 32.00 O:16.00 Cl2:70.9 (35.45+1.01)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2 H2: 2.02 (2.02+16.00)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2 Mr: 72.92 grams Mr: 74.1 grams Mr: 36.04 grams Mr: 110.98 grams 72.92à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.124à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½110.98= 0.0815 grams of HCl (which is 20 drops) 36.04à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.124à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½110.98= 0.0828 grams of Ca(OH)2 4) We measured exactly 0.0828 grams of Ca(OH)2 . 5) We added 20 drops of HCl into the Ca(OH)2. 6) To have only salt as a product, we needed to heat the beaker so that the water would evaporate. After we heated the beaker for several minutes, we let it cool. 7) When the beaker was cool enough, we measured the salt and the beakers mass. It was 32,5097 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0,0005 grams. To make sure that there was no water, we decided to heat and measure it again. 8) The second time we heat and cooled and measured it, we found 32, 4896 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0,0005 grams. 9) Then we washed the beaker and measured it when its empty. We found 32.3551à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0,0005 grams. 10) We subtracted the beaker and the salts mass from the empty beakers mass to find salts mass. The salts mass is 0,1345à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0,0005 grams. Our aim was to prepare 0.124 grams of CaCl2 salt. RAW DATA PROCESSED DATA 1st Measurement (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0,00005 g) 2nd Measurement (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0,00005 g) Beaker+Salt Salt Beaker+Salt Salt 32,5097 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0,0005 g 0.1546 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0,0005 g 32, 4896 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0,0005 g 0,1345 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0,0005 g CONCLUSION Our aim was to create 0,124 grams of calcium chloride. In order to prepare the salt, we used a base and an acid. To achieve our aim, first we decided which method we should use to prepare this salt. We had two options because we didnt have other materials. We could have used either two salts or a base and an acid. After deciding to use a base and an acid, we used stoichiometry, which is a quantitative branch of chemistry. Stoichiometry is the science of measuring the quantitative proportions or mass ratios in which chemical elements stand to one another(Jeremias Benjaim Richter, 1762-1807). We calculated the amount of chemicals we should use. Then we started preparing our salt and reacted base with the acid. After heating the beaker to eliminate water, we get our salt. We measured it and found out that we prepared 0,1345 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0,0005 grams of CaCl2 salt. The reason why we get water and a salt when we react bases and acids is simple. Everything started with Swedish chemist Jons Berzelius, who said that acids and bases have opposite charges. After that the Arrhenius Theory explained that an acid is a compound which produces hydrogen ions and a base is the one that produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water. Then as the Bronsted-Lowry Theory indicated, when an acid behaves like a donor (an acid as an H+ ion), it means that the hydrogen ion is separating from the acidic compound and when a base behaves like an acceptor (a base as an H+ ion), the hydrogen ion is bonding with the basic compound. Because water molecules are polar, the negative charges tend to congregate on one end of the molecule with the oxygen atom, while the positive charges remain on the other end with the hydrogen atoms. The Brà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nsted-Lowry model emphasizes the role played by water, which pulls the proton from the acid, resulting in the creation of the hydronium ion (Zumdahl, Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation). Then finally with the Lewis Theory, which extends Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry theories, it was discovered that bases gives electrons and acids accepts them. So, an acid and a base react, since they attract each other. And when they react, the base generates OH+ and the acid generates H+ which forms water. And the other ions react to form a salt. With this experiment we not only used what we have learned about preparing salts but we also used stoichiometry, which is a very important topic in chemistry. We did all the calculations and the experiment ourselves and we get to apply our knowledge. EVALUATION Although the result we get was really close, we didnt exactly find 0.124 grams of CaCl2. The percentage error of the experiment is %9. We found 0.1345 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0,0005 grams. To make this experiment better, first of all we could have research our salt and learn more about it. We didnt know that Ca(OH)2 is hygroscopic in the first time we measured its mass. Thats why its mass may have been measured more than it should be. But the second time we measured the beaker, we were more careful however still when we let the beaker to cool, its mass might have increased. After we heated the beaker, we waited for several minutes and waited it to cool but the beaker and the salt within might have been still warm. If we measured salts mass when it was still hot, that means we found the mass more than it should be. If we had more time, maybe we could be sure that it was in the room temperature and then measure it. Although we cleaned the beaker after the experiment, we might have left salt in it and when we measured empty beakers mass, we might have found something wrong. We could have cleaned it more neatly. REFERENCES Calcium Chloride SIDS Initial Assessment Profile, UNEP Publications, SIAM 15, Boston, October 22-25, 2002, pages 4, 12-14. Zumdahl, Steven S. Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation, 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000. www.answer.com www.wikipedia.com

The Record Companies Decrease in Sales :: Music

The Record Companies' Decrease in Sales The music business is experiencing a recession where record sales are reaching all-time lows. All record companies have in the last few years experienced a considerable decrease in sales. Finding the cause or causes of this has naturally become a major concern for all of them. Some blame the recession in the West in general, but that can hardly explain why one industry is losing out so much more than others. Music today is less from the heart than it used to be only ten years ago. It is mostly a purely commercial product to be used up and thrown away. A lot of modern music has a short but intense life span. People are not prepared to pay as much for a 'disposable' product as they are for a 'reusable'. The hit song of the week is fed to us all through radio and TV so intensely that we need not buy the record. And when it is no longer broadcasted no one remembers it. Attempts to change this and promote more quality, depth and originality in music have not been very successful. The whole entertainment business is ruled by trends and, quality seems to have gone out of style To simply lower the price of a CD is a commonly suggested solution, naturally advocated by the buyers. But no business favors such a remedy. Not only since it reduces their income but also because it sends out the wrong signals to people. It gives the impression that the product is worth less and that the customers have been charged too much before. And if the price can drop by ten per cent this year people might expect it to drop another ten per cent next year. A better settlement could be enhancing the product and giving people more for their money. Thanks to modern technology there can be so much more included on a CD than just music. A computer with a CD-ROM drive, which is becoming quite common, allows us to read several different kinds of information off a CD. A short interview with the artist or 'behind the scenes' features can be included as so called 'Quicktime movies'. Lyric sheets, discographies, extensive biographies and even sheet music can also be added easily. Text files have such small memory requirements compared to sound that the Bible can be stored in less space than a normal length song! There have already been several Cds released which include a