Rabbit proof fence free essay sample

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Rabbit Proof Fence. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Rabbit Proof Fence paper right on time. Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Rabbit Proof Fence, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Rabbit Proof Fence paper at affordable prices with LivePaperHelp. com! Rabbit Proof Fence ? Directed by Phillip Noyce (001) The film Rabbit Proof Fence is reminiscent of a war story as the country has been invaded and taken over. The invaders are taking away the children and placing them in camps. We will write a custom essay sample on Rabbit proof fence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Only three manage to escape on their epic journey home they must cross through enemy occupied territory, never knowing friend from foe. The movie Rabbit Proof Fence and the book The Stolen Children their stories edited by Carmel Bird aims to impose its values and attitudes on the responder, which compels the viewer to adopt this perspective, thus leading to a change. Both these texts use the language of empathy to impose their perspectives on their audience. This is effectively achieved through the use of a visual and oral medium as it allows the director to use empathetic language thus allowing the audience to enhance the power of understanding and imaginatively entering into another person’s feelings. There are many techniques used to enable the audience to embrace this perspective. Phillip Noyce, director of Rabbit Proof Fence not only portrays the colonial setting of the time but also treats the story with respect and understanding of the cultural protocols that are required. The Film is authentic as it is based on a true story. The authenticity of the film can be proven as it has been recorded in the local press as well as in the archives of the department of Native affairs. Furthermore Molly and Daisy are still alive and footage of them is shown at the end of the film. This footage gives the film a sense of reality. The director Phillip Noyce ensured that the film was culturally appropriated, by employing Pilkington Garimara, Molly’s daughter who is also the author of Following the Rabbit Proof Fence, which the movie is based on. Molly can speak from personal experience, as she was part of the stolen generation. Phillip Noyce uses the universal language of emotions to change peoples perspectives of the stolen generation. This is achieved not just domestically but internationally. Write my Essay on Rabbit Proof Fence for me The audience becomes emotionally overwhelmed during the children’s epic journey home. The audience are able to strongly identify themselves with the three girls due to the fact that they are young, innocent and powerless. The audience can easily connect with the girls for we have all been children. The viewer soon finds themselves on the children’s side, in their shoes and identifying with them, the viewer takes on the perspective of the stolen generation. Carmel Bird has used a written text that contains a report of separate oral accounts of the indigenous peoples past she seeks to detail the differing situations and outcomes of these people. The film Rabbit Proof Fence stands as one story that represents them all. The distinct importance of the individual voices in The Stolen Children is replaced in the film by an intense visual. This visual representation emphasised through the use of symbols, such as the fence and the eagle, which symbolises Molly’s freedom. Rabbit Proof Fence stands as a cinematic analogue of Carmel Bird’s Stolen children. The director uses film techniques to manipulate the audience’s perception to his liking. During the emotionally charged scene where a local policeman tears the girls from their mother’s arms, Phillip Noyce uses ground level camera angles that keep up with the action, furthernore emersing the audience in the traumatic action. Another film technique used is the first person film technique that has the effect of portraying the events of the stolen generations as if they were not witnessed out side the view of history, thus accurately capturing the brutality of government policy towards the indigenous population. Another technique is the use of music to create the mood and atmosphere. Peter Gabriel’s soundtrack Long Walk Home draws power to the scenes. Gabriel has successfully blended traditional aboriginal instruments such as the didgeridoo with the modern instruments to withdraw dramatic emotion. Molly’s perspective of the camp â€Å"I hate this place, makes me sick† drives her to take her siblings and commence a 1600 kilometre long journey back home, all they had to guide them was the rabbit proof fence a 1800 mile long landmark that bisects Western Australia from north to south. Ironically the same people who wanted to keep them from home had built the fence that guided them home. The decisive moment in the chase that structures Rabbit Proof Fence is the confusion between two rabbit proof fences. The girls have unwillingly found themselves on the wrong fence this mistake miraculously saved them from being recaptured by Mr Neville. The Rabbit Proof Fence is used as a device to enact the defeat of the unalterable linear of aboriginal people, over the attempt at systematic genocide. Thus drawing a parallel between Aboriginal liberation and incarceration. A. O. Neville the protector of aborigines represents the opposing perspective of the government; he is portrayed as a cold but ‘rational’ character that believes in his cause. A British actor plays this character in order to highlight that the racist perspectives are remnants from the British Colonial era. Neville administrates the governments â€Å"assimilation† program that’s aim was to separate half-cast aboriginal children from their families and culture to then convert them to Christianity and domesticate them. The perspective of the white people at the time was that by integrating them into the white society and breeding them out they would be saved from their own â€Å"primitive savagery†. â€Å"By the third generation the aboriginal has simply been breed outâ€Å" â€Å"in spite of himself the native must be helped† â€Å"The problem of half cast is not simply going to go away. If it is not dealt with now it will fester for years to come. These children are that problem. † These quotes provide sufficient evidence that the forced removal policies were an attempt at systematic genocide. The loss of identity. culture and family that is so profoundly emphasised in the voices section of The Stolen Children is also seen in Rabbit Proof Fence. The mission is where the indigenous people are stripped of their linear; this is depicted in several ways. They are not allowed to speak their own language this lead to loss of language culture. The longer you seem to be at the mission the more of your culture you forget. â€Å"They have no mothers, no body have got any mothers. † This quote creates a visual image of daughter cut off from connection with mother. This imagery is also use on the front cover off Carmel Bird’s text. In the introduction she talks of a severing from the umbilical cord. This is a powerful movie that strikes at the heart of Australian history and its current values. Furthermore is has effectively changed the perspective of the viewer and internationally informed many of the suffering of the stolen generations. The movie has also brought up the issue of a national apology. â€Å"Something needs to jolt our political leaders into action on Aboriginal reconciliation. Hopefully this movie proves to e the catalyst. † John Hewson. former national Liberal leader. Please note that this sample paper on Rabbit Proof Fence is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Rabbit Proof Fence, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Rabbit Proof Fence will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality. Order your authentic assignment from LivePaperHelp. com and you will be amazed at how easy it is to complete a quality custom paper within the shortest time possible! Rabbit Proof Fence free essay sample All journeys require a strong sense of ones humanity in order to be successful. In ken Watsons anthology â€Å"at the round Earth imagined corners† ‘A righteous day by Mudrooroo and Journey to the interior’ by Margret Atwood and as well as the film ‘Rabbit Proof Fence’ by Phillip Noyce have all expanded my understanding of journeys to myself individuals and the world. Through these texts we can observe different aspects of a journey. Journeys are essential in life because they teach us to overcome adversity thus strengthening out sense of spirit, that journeys can be mentally or physiologically challenging that they confront our sanity and journeys physically and mentally strengthening us as human being helping us discover who we really are. In Ken Watsons Anthology â€Å"At the round earths imagined corners the aspect of journeys expanding ones knowledge of themselves, individuals and the world is explored through the poem â€Å" A righteous day† by Mudrooroo, it illuminates that journeys are essential in life to overcome adversity thus strengthening our sense of spirit. We will write a custom essay sample on Rabbit Proof Fence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is shown through the quote â€Å"protecting my wrists from the slashes of insecurity† this personification in the phrase slashes of insecurity† conveys personal attitudes towards the propaganda faced by aboriginals, which is supposed to placate him from experiencing his feeling of grief and anger. Here the port also alludes to the high rates of aboriginal suicide in prison. Similarly, this point is explored thought the cinematic technique of a long shot of the view of the rabbit proof fence fading into the distance, this represent the long distance of the journey ahead and emphasises the harsh environment of the Australian dessert, the reoccurring motif of the barb wire fence represents the isolation and exclusion of the aboriginal people. Both uses of techniques show the expanding understand of how journeys can be emotional and cultural as well as relating the individuals reaction to the world around them. They teach us t o overcome adversity and strengthen our sense of spirit. Journeys can challenge individuals, the world and ourselves by being mentally and psychologically challenging in a way that confronts our sanity. This is shown in Noyce’s Rabbit proof fence. Noyce captures the pain of journeys through strong images and a range of techniques the low camera angle of heat rising of the dessert close up of Molly carrying Daisy and the symbolism of Molly digging for water all represent the harshness of the Australian desert. Similarly to Margret Atwood’s journey to the interior and shown by the quote (have I been walking in circles again? ) Atwood has used the techniques of first person point of view to create empathy towards the personas own feeling of isolation and desperation in an unfamiliar place. This rhetorical question shows the challenging of ones sanity and shows how journeys force us to over come inner mental obstacles of fear and depression. Atwoods use of fragmented syntax us intended to reflect the own confusion and doubt, which gives us an insight into how the persona feels. Furthermore, Journeys can mentally and physically strengthen us as human being and help us discover who we really are, this is shown in Mudrooroo’s ‘A righteous day’ through the quote â€Å"today I shall walk tall with the leaders that walk on stilts and stumble†. Mudrooroo’s use of enjambment shows the continual degrading of the aboriginal people, the sibilance shown in the phrase ‘ walk on stilts and stumble† symbolised the superiority and detainment of white leaders. Also shown in Atwood’s journey to the interior thought the quote ‘Whatever I do I must keep my head. I know it is easier for me to lose my way forever. † This quote shows irony because the person has realised she has lost her way. But also shows a sliver of hope for the speaker as she is determined to stay sane therefore showing her way to discover who she is. Throughout the analysis of these texts I have expanded my own knowledge of the importance of a journey and have observed true hardships experienced by individuals in these texts. The protagonists of each text follow through with a defiant journey and ultimately discover something within them. Thus reinforcing the statements that in order to strengthen ourselves and discover and discover who we really are we must overcome adversity and commence our own journeys physical or mental. This will ultimately supply us with a strong spirit and an understanding of ones himanity

From the Classicists to the Impressionists essay

From the Classicists to the Impressionists essay From the Classicists to the Impressionists essay From the Classicists to the Impressionists essayThe development of the modern art raises quite a controversial response in the public because the public cannot always perceive experiments of artists properly and just misunderstands works of art. In this respect, the ability of artists to catch the audience’s attention and to create comprehensive and attractive works of art are particularly important in terms of the development of new works of art attractive and comprehensible for the audience. At this point, it is possible to refer to the Art Now! Course and Christine Swintak, who reveals her vision of the modern art and works of artist. The author suggest making art closer to people and the mass audience making daring experiments, when conventional, routine objects and items are transformed by artists in true works of art.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At this point, the author’s position is reasonable, especially, when she draws a large number of works a rt, when conventional products are transformed by artists, like a banal rollercoaster made in the head office of an energy drink company. The modern art has evolved consistently   and artists tend to experiments. Daring experiments proposed by Christine Swintak are effective because they make the audience rethinking conventional objects and items and transforming them into works of art. Due to such work of artists, they can make the audience thinking of art and view art in simple things, which surround them in their regular life. In such a way, artists reach their target customer group and communicate with the audience by means of their works.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, today, the audience needs the help from the part of the artist to understand art better. In this regard, the poor communication of artists with their audience emerges because of their underperformance and failure to catch the public attention and create works of art that are attractive and interesting for the audience. In addition, the artist should create works of art that are close to the audience. In this regard, the use of conventional objects as Swintak suggests can be really helpful because the audience learns to find art in routine objects. Moreover, such experiments in the field of art help artists to reach their audience and increase the interest of the public to art. Therefore, art becomes the means of communication between the artist and the audience.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the same time, experiments should convey specific messages and ideas, which the artist attempts to convey to the audience. In this regard, the development of comprehensible forms of art may lead to the simplification of art. Hence, the problem emerges. Artists may slip to the simplification of art, i.e. make the art too simplistic, in their attempts to get closer to the audience and attract the audience to works of art. However, works of art should remain wor ks of art that means that they should not become simplistic because of the level of audience. Instead, they should teach the audience and help the audience to elevate their aesthetic tastes to the higher level.Thus, Swintak is reasonable in her views on art getting closer to the audience, but she should be aware of the fact that attempts of approaching the public may lead to simplification of works of art. In such a way, artists should help the audience to understand their art and makes their art interesting but still remain artists, who create works of art but not works that just entertain the audience.

Prestigious Fast Food Restaurant -Burger King Research Paper

Prestigious Fast Food Restaurant -Burger King - Research Paper Example Moreover, Burger King encourages and lets users customize the exclusive flame-broiled burgers with choices and so many options to their liking. This makes a healthy and strong relationship between Burger King and the user. The fast food also has the benefit of offering different items and the customer benefits by having several burger options. Burger King has expanded their menu but still, they have remained true to their unique and original flame-broiled burgers. This flame-broiled gives them benefit over other fast food chains. Burger King is providing with one of the best customer service, menu selection, cleanliness, and healthy choices. If the atmosphere of a dining area is interesting, more people will want to eat there. That is one of the major reasons that draw in more customers to Burger King. By mid-2009, Burger King was not in any of the following countries: Pakistan, India, Nigeria, South Africa and France. But now they are expanding their more and have some branches in t hese countries as well. In looking for new countries to enter, Burger King needs to find more countries to expand that is suitable ideally. They should go for the countries with higher populations and preferably youth and concentrations of urban activity. Local diets containing high feasting of beef would be inspiring and encouraging because their signature products are made of beef. In addition, areas which are safe, sustain the politically stable business environment and have available capital are ideal. Burger King Restaurants are mainly known for the type of food they serve, which is typical fast food consisting of chicken sandwiches and hamburger. Side dishes contain the standard French fries, but they also have healthier options such as apple fries. Children attending birthday parties at Burger King get cardboard crowns to wear on their heads. Burger King is an international company with a franchise location throughout the world. There are locations in each of the 50 states in the United States, and in 69 other countries. The total number of locations worldwide is 11,200 with over 11 million guests visiting Burger King on a daily basis, according to Burger King's website. Burger King competes with all types of food retailers on the basis of prices, food qualities, convenience and customer services. 1.1 Competitive Advantage Burger King has been in direct competition with burger giant McDonald's since Burger King's inception in the 1950's. It is at present the number two burger chain in the world behind McDonald's. Other direct competitors of Burger King are Yum and Wendy's In order to attract new customers and to remain competitive, Burger King is continuing its market expansion strategy. Adopting a competitive strategy in an organization will convey value to your consumers and the community. Burger King is competing in the dynamic food retail industry. Customers have a variety of choices of food. Differences that Burger King attempt are obvious, by real izing the need of their customers, and the drive for a reasonable burger with a large amount of meeting. Burger King is functioning to take advantage of the market shares and increase the revenue across countries. In addition, the fast food industry is still the leading food retail sector in the United States and this attracts lots of local and regional companies to join the industry.  Ã‚  

Classification of My Classmates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Classification of My Classmates - Essay Example The students in the category sometimes may drop out of school and rarely make it official. However, there is also a group that consistently attends classes but do not attain good scores. This group fails because they do not put attention to what is being taught or do not revise their work or do their assignments seriously. The question we might ask, are underachievers naturally possessing low achievement capacity? To me, it is a big no. This is because to enter in college there are minimum qualifications that must be attained, you cannot attain this score if you do not have the potential to succeed. Underachievement result from misplaced priorities or being in the wrong course. Some students end up in courses that they do not like because of pressures from parents or relatives. This group feels demoralized because imagine Engineer seating in a medicine class! To him, everything that is taught here makes no sense to him. This makes him lose motivation and determination. There are also those whose priorities are misplaced; they take more time in entertainment and very minimal time in academic work. Most of their time is spent either in bars drinking or traveling to pay a visit to family and friends. I can say most of these colleagues are gifted underachievers that Kim (234) is talking about. The second category is that of average achievers. Students in this category are just determined to complete their courses and get out of college. Mostly, they study because of examinations and tests. They attend lessons not because they like but because they know their success is tied to the content of lectures. If an opportunity avails itself they do not attend lectures. Those in this category do not struggle to get very high marks but just struggle to get average marks. This is the group lecturers target when motivating students to strive to get high scores. They always hand in their assignments just in time.        Ã‚  

Article analysis 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis 2 - Article Example The results of the study showed a different picture of what is usually assumed concerning marketing. This is shown below: Literature Review From the literature review of the article, we get to know that three factors namely price, product and promotions are used in ensuring that business operate efficiently and marketing campaigns are conducted effectively. The article makes an analysis of price and in fact talks of price being a major factor in terms of ensuring customer numbers are achieved. The article emphasis on the need for a good pricing model since price is responsible for generation of income (Etzel, 2004). Another important factor was promotion in that it determines the way people are informed of a certain brand, service of product. As a result, managers should make use of promotion methods that enhance brand perception such as messages which persuade, inform and linger in minds and hearts of consumers (Daniels, 2009). These factors influence the behaviour of consumers in d ifferent sections of the world and in relation to ChiangMai, the four P’s (Price, Product, Promotion and Place) are important in marketing tourism in the region. The place in this article looks into ChiangMai as a tourist destination with a lot of attractions to offer in terms of nature, culture and the hotel industry (Kandampully, 2007). Hotels in the region rely on the four P’s of marketing to enhance their product offering and thus some 19 hotels decided to conduct a research based on these factors. In this case, questionnaires were deployed for the purpose of conducting the study and these questionnaires were given to managers and hotel guests. Analysis The marketing study was done based on certain variables and the study measured the implementation of marketing practices of hotels and resorts against customer satisfaction levels based on product offering, pricing and promotions. In terms of ownership, the hotels in ChiangMai are either corporate or individually ow ned and this affects that way businesses are marketed. For instance, solely owned hotels have unlimited liability unlike corporations while age of the hotel is also a big factor since many of the hotels in ChiangMai have been operation for a long time. The products offered by these hotels were also surveyed and this included the rooms, types of services, size of rooms and it was found out that most of the hotels offer both sleep and food services (Swarbrooke, 2012). In the process of serving customers, the data analysis revealed that offering food in addition to lodging created better revenues. Apart from offering good products, the services that were offered by ChiangMai’s hotels were superior in the fact that the managers considered services such good hygiene, prompt and courteous service were highly considered in marketing. However, it is the level of implementation the marketing strategies and goals that was important in the process of undertaking this study. In terms of making use of price factor, most hotel managers made use fair pricing systems to attract customers (Sangkaworn, 2008). However, promotion was considered among the high priorities of managers in terms of marketing since hotels made use of friendly gestures and hospitality to attract and retain customers. When the two set of factors were correlated for the purposes of the study, it was found out

What Happens When We Die Religion Essay

What Happens When We Die Religion Essay Death is an issue that we all face no matter what our personal beliefs are so What Happens When We Die?, is one of the greatest questions of life. Generally we are very reluctant to think of our own expiry. Death is a great equaliser and no matter what or whom you are in life, eventually we all have to face the reality of dying. Is death the end of our consciousness and existence? In spite of hundreds years of research, Science cannot prove when or where life began. Researchers have found that the human nervous system and brain operate largely through electrical impulses. The brain requires blood and oxygen to function, when breathing, if our blood circulation is impaired, the brain simply does not function or ceases completely. Humans are a complex structure composed of many co-operating interactions within our bodies. We have a desire to understand and influence, search for explanations through our natural curiosity and yet, we are so preoccupied with the everyday concerns of our lives that death is pushed into the background until we have to face it through the loss of a loved one. Our thoughts turn to their demise and we decide whether we believe they are gone to a better pace, is there a better life after death, does death bring a new life, are our departed loved ones sleeping and awaiting reawakening, or does death signify nonexistence .(Atheist). The sheer grief and pain of death, the loss of a loved one causes suffering for those left behind. We carry out an array of customs during the burial of our dead, we commemorate them in memory of their lives as mankind has a need to go through a ritual in order to try to understand what happens when we die. Is it normal to want a future life after death or is death necessary as our limited world cannot conceivably harbinger all life eternally? We question What is Death? What is life? Is death a simple and definable end to life? Where does our spirit go when the bond between our material body is dissolved? Is death permanent? We wonder whether upon death when our physical body disintegrates what happens to our soul?. If we do return, do humans have the ability carry memories of past events into their present life?. Our attempts to understand death generate fear, controversy, self-questioning and rationalisation. In every culture when a loved one dies ceremonies are held by family and friends to reminisce about the dead. Universally, although cultures differ, praying plays a highly important part during the death ceremony. The finality of death is frightening and humankind have dealt with their loss since the beginning of time through ceremonies which us to get through what we dont understand. Death has been depicted by macabre images such as the Grim Reaper coming to take away a persons soul. The scythe is a symbol that he reaps the soul of both saints and sinner alike; The Harvest of Souls. Physical death is the Bottom of Form 1 cessation of bodily functions, when your heart stops beating, your brain stops to function and you stop breathing. It is also the severing of the connection between our spirit from our physical body and when consciousness finally leaves our human form to go to the next life. The mind or soul is not a physical part of our bodies, it is formless and a separate entity from our human body form. Questions are raised upon death; when the body disintegrates at death does our consciousness cease? This is where we search for spiritual answers through religion, creators, God, Gods and Goddesses. During our lives we seek to find answers to the many questions we have about death and man, since the beginning of time, man has tried to conceive a way to escape death. Questions range from; Is death permanent? Does our spirit carry on in another form and at a deeper level of consciousness? Can be reincarnated and come back to Earth? If we are reincarnated are all of our previous memories erased? Is there a creator who will welcome us into our new existence? Are we merely a collection of cells, molecules, skin and are we just another cycle of nature? Are we a natural part of evolution? Is there an afterlife? Is our physical demise temporary? Where, if anywhere, do we go? Scientists find it difficult to accept a life after death theory. However, they have to accept unintelligible natural phenomena and other realms of reality through their own facts based on Quantum Mechanics. Death can be considered either as the end of existence or as a transition to another state of being or consciousness. The Hindus deal with death by viewing life as an illusion and learning through the levels of reincarnation the true meaning of life and both religion and mythology concern themselves with what happens to our essence after physical death. There are many causes of death such as the natural process of aging, natural death, illness, disease, suicide, homicide, natural disasters, accidents and wars. Universally, death rituals can vary extensively depending on religion, race and culture however, rituals and ceremonies are cross cultural such preparation of the corpse for a funeral and the ceremony surrounding the disposing of the corpse. Although practices may differ from culture to culture, death ceremonies are the norm and can include a three day watch of the corpse, gathering of relations and friends to mourn their departed right through to elaborate rituals which go on for weeks. The Ancients flourished on a social structure where rites of ancestor worship and spiritual beliefs were the norm. The Celtic Druids had a strong belief in sacrifice and believed in the reincarnation of the soul into another form hence they did not fear death. The ancient Egyptians practiced forms of ancestor worship and believed in rebirth after death and considered death as merely a temporary interruption. The Mayans were a very religions people who lived in fear of their destructive Gods so their funerals were held with great respect and ceremony. Shamanism is based on the belief that spirits and invisible entities permeate our visible world. The Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the son of God and came down to earth to rid them of original sin thus saving their souls and after death, returning to God in Heaven. Jehovahs Witnesses believe that the Bible is the Manual for Life, Jesus is the Son of God however, they are not Trinitarian. On their death they sleep until God call s everyone who has departed this Earth for Judgement Day and those who lived their lives according to the Bible, will live back on Earth and be reigned by a Council in Heaven. Taking the Bible as an example we determine that the word Heaven, which is used in a strictly material signification as forming a part of the created universe. In Genesis i.1, In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. The ancient Hebrews, however, seem to have entertained strange notions as to the structure of the material Heaven, believing it to be a solid arch resting on pillars, and having foundations. Thus, in Job xxvi. 11, the pillars of Heaven tremble, and we are astonished at his reproof. In other passages of the Bible Heaven is compared to a curtin, or the covering of a tent, as in Ps. civ.2, Who coverest thyself with light as with a garment: who stretchest out the heavens like a curtin. The ancient Jews believed that there were several different Heavens; the lower, the middle, and the third or higher heavens. The lower level of Heaven was considered to take in the clouds and the atmosphere; the middle as being the stellar or starry region; and the third as being the Heaven of Heavens, or the habitation of God and his angels. The word Heaven is not only used in a material but also a spiritual sense, to indicate the future abode of the righteous after death. The belief in Heaven beyond the grave, accordingly, is not limited to Christians, being a recognized creed of Heathens, Jews, and Mohammadeans. Among the ancient Romans and Greeks, the Heaven to which the good ascended was named Elysium. The precise location of Elysium was a topic of debate for generations; writers of classic antiquity declared the happiness of the souls in Elysium to be complete and allegedly, some believed that the departed souls would return to earth again. Eternal blessedness was, in view of the ancient Pagans, reserved for those who were distinguished for their exhalted virtues and who were accordingly admitted into the society of the Gods and could, at any time, return to their ancestors on this earth. Summerland, a place for resting of the soul until it is ready to continue on a journey of self, until the person learned and escalated to the higher realms of eternal consciousness. Heaven of the Hindu culture is the absorption on Brahm and of the Buddhist, annihilation or Nirwana. The priesthood of the ancient Egyptians taught the immortality of the soul under the mane of Palingenesia, or second birth, being a return of the soul to the celestial spheres; or its reabsorption into the Supreme Being. This doctrine was allegedly inculcated only upon the illerate multitudes who could form no conception of the existence of the soul without the body. The ancient Scandinavians, believed in two different heavens; one, the palace of Odin which they named Valhalla where this divinity received all of those who died a violent death; and the other called Gimli (place covered with gold), the everlasting home of the righteous where to enjoy ecstatic and perennial delights. Those received into the palace of Odin, heroes, believed that every day would be filled with fighting, eating, drinking and surrounded by virgins. Jewish Rabbis teach that there is an upper and lower paradise or heaven with a fixed pillar of Zion. On every Sabbath or festival, the righteous climb up and feed themselves with a glance of the Divine majesty until the end of the Sabbath or festival. The souls of the righteous, according to the Jewish Rabbis, do not ascent to the upper paradise immediately after they have left their body, but they are represented as undergoing a pervious kind of novitiate in the lower paradise, which is situated half way between this corporal world and the upper Heaven. Mohammadeans believe in a Heaven prepared for the blessed among the faithful; a place for those who are true to their religion and followers of the holy prophet Mohammed. Here, they shall spend eternity and shall join him in perpetual light and all heavenly pleasures, always beautiful, in their full strength and vigour, brighter than the sun, and thought worthy to see the face of the Most High God, and to adore him. They hold that there are eight Heavens of varying degrees. We have looked at varying traditions in the belief of Heaven and now shall look at the belief in Hell. Both in the Hebrew and Greek Scriptures there are two words, Sheol and Hades which are sometimes translated into hell but which denote the world of departed spirits in general; while two other words Tartaros and Gehenna, signify the place of eternal punishment reserved for the unrighteous and wicked after death. The Amenti of ancient Egyptians, the Patala of the Hindus and the Orcus of the Romans, refer to a future state; but the doctrine of a future punishment is found embodied in all religious systems whether Christian, Heathen, Jewish or Mohammedean. Hell is believed to be a place of eternal torment, a bottomless pit, a worm that never dies, the fire that shall never be quenched. The Jewish Rabbis believe in an upper and lower hell. Gehennon, to which the Talmud adds seven other names, is said to be applied to seven mansions into which hell is divided. Many Jewish people believe in hell, not as an eternal dwelling-place of the wicked, but, to the Israelites at least, as a place of temporary purgatorial punishment. It is believed that the very wicked shall be eternally annihilated. The Mohammedeans, like the Jews, divide Hell which they call Gehennon, into seven portions, but they are not totally agreed as to the inhabitants of these districts. The most common opinion is that Gehennon, is destined for those worshippers of the true God who have not acted up to the principles of the faith which they have professed; the second division, called Lodha, is for the Christians; the third named Hothama, is for Jews; the fourth, denominated Sair, is destined for the Sabeans; the fifth, called Sacar, is for Magicians or Geubres; the sixty names Gehim, will received Pagans and idolaters, whilst the seventh, the most severe place of punishment within the lowest depths of the abyss, is named Hooviat, and reserved for the hypocritical professors of religion. The Hindus believe in a graduated scale of future punishments as well rewards; the less wicked being sunk into a lower position in the next birth (reincarnation), the more wicked being sent down to one or other of the innumerable Hells, to reappear, however, on earth, in mineral, animal, and vegetable forms before they rise to the human, the most wicked of all beings doomed to experience the misery and woe and perdition until the time of the dissolution of all things. The Buddhist tradition has a system of eight principal narakas, or places of torment, all of them situated in the interior of the earth and so enclosed it makes it impossible for escape. Gnostics, (gnosis, knowledge), the general name applied to various classes of pagans or heretics, arose in the early period of the Christian Church. They derived from the school of philosophy and denoted a higher and esoteric science which was designed to express the superiority of their doctrines to those of the Pagans and Jews. The systems of Gnosticism were various, all of them referable to two fixed historical centres, Syria and Egypt. Hence, there was a marked difference between the Syrian and the Alexandrian Gnosis, the former being characterized by a predominance of Dualism, the latter by a predominance of Pantheism. It is impossible to even cursorily examine Gnosticism in the diversified aspect which is assumes, without being at almost every point reminded of the old religious systems of Asia, Buddhism, Parsiam and Brahmanism. Gnostics believed in intuitions and symbols rather than conceptions. In the eye of the Gnostic everything became hyposaterized, which, to the Western thinker existed only as a conception. The foundation of most of the Gnostic systems lies in the idea of two different and opposite worlds, the one region of light, the other the region of darkness; one a region of purity and the other of sin; a superior world and an inferior world. The primal source of being was the Bythos (like the Brahm) of Hinduism in which was an invisible, incomprehensible being, enjoying perfect quiescence and from whom all emanations proceeded. Following their line of thought, they alleged the God or Jehovah of the Jews to be Demiurge, and the law they promulgated in the Old Testament to be inferior and imperfect whereas, the law which Christ promulgated in The New Testament was the expression of the mind of the Bythos or Unknown Father. Most Gnostics reportedly believed that salvation rested merely on knowledge; and that a man who possessed knowledge needed no more. The realisation of human mortality lives with each and every human being and ghost stories, spirits and hauntings have been a part of our history, handed down from generation to generation. We are taught about spirits, Witches, Angels, Demons, Gods and Goddesses and the paranormal world is rich in psychics, supernatural events, divination and with people who have real experiences with the paranormal such as out of body experiences, direct interaction with ghostly phenomena and near death experiences. Sceptics cannot ignore or dismiss paranormal occurrences just as Science cannot explain the unexpected e.g., apparitions, ghosts, hauntings, orbs or the supernatural. To sum up, no matter what our personal faith, belief, religions, culture or race, it is up to you whether you believe that the evidence is strong enough to justify your belief in paranormal, the supernatural and an afterlife. Near death experiences (NDE), the age-old debate, have been occurring for centuries. In the year 360 BC, Plato writes about a soldier named Er who recalled his NDE. Near death experiences are quite common and have been recorded through history. You may have heard someone who nearly died saying that they experienced their whole life flashing right before their eyes. NDEs have been a part of mankinds existence for thousands of years, as some ancient civilizations have recorded these supernatural encounters. With this history, many different explanations have come as to what could be the cause, or if the afterlife is real. Millions of cases are documented worldwide of NDEs, or near-death experiences. As they are such a common occurrence, Scientists have conducted research into thousands, if not millions, of cases. During the past 30 years, near-death experiences have been the focus of intense Scientific studies at Universities and Medical Centres around the world and they can no longer dismiss this phenomenon as hallucinations, chemical changes in the brain just prior to death, or as a pharmacologically induced experience. Science has questioned and studied NDEs experiences and one thing agreed on by all those involved in research is that near death experiences really do exist. No two near death experiences are the same; they are as unique and as individual as the person who goes through this experience. People who suffer severe trauma, clinical death, or those who nearly die, have reported similar traits during their near-death experience and many believe it to be very real and have significantly changed the views on life, spirituality and particularly their views on death. Some common experiences do occur however, not all NDEs follow a pattern. Common traits that have been widely documented with NDE include: Feelings of Peace and Terror: These feelings may include acceptance of death, total calmness, feelings of peace, being emotional and physically comforted. The person sees a bright light filling the room which they interpret as Heaven or God. Then there are those cases documented of people who do not have a feeling of peace, did not meet with family or friendly spirits. Rather, they experienced terror as while being attacked and upset by demons. (OBE): Out-of-body Experiences: The person feels that they have left their physical body. They observe from above, often describing the sight of doctors working on him. In some cases, the subjects spirit then flies out of the room, into the sky and sometimes into space. We have all heard stories about someone on the verge of death seeing a bright light at the end of a long tunnel, revealing that they have entered another dimension or realm, seeing spiritual entities and deceased family, friends and loved ones. The persons spirit may take a bit of time to look around and then notice a bright light. The light may start out to be small and then become larger as the spirit of the person moves toward it. In some cases there is not a tunnel, but a very bright light that fills the room. The light is brighter than anything the person has ever experienced on Earth, but they are not bothered by the it. General feelings that people experience include euphoria and report floating feelings and beautiful visions of scenic places. The majority of people who experience near-death say they feel very happy with a wonderful sense of calm and belonging. Another Realm or Dimension: Other people that experience NDEs say that they are led to another realm, most have positive experiences however, a few have reported a negative experience in which they get a feeling of loss of control and falling into a deep bottomless chasm. Near death experiences moves the person beyond this natural world and into worlds unseen, usually commencing with a tunnel of light which they are compelled to enter. This bright light pulls them into another realm and, as they leave this world behind, they experience sightings of spirits, family and their departed friends. Lastly, they experience a life review, where one sees their entire earthly life in fast forward. Once on the other side, they have reported being surrounded by entities, some of them they knew were dead and others who are there to talk to them. Some report being told certain things and are asked to go back to their bodies. The most common report for survivors of outer body experience(OBE) is that people feel they have been given a glimpse into Heaven as they encounter beings of light, or other representations of spiritual entities. Spiritual Beings and Entities: When a person experiences NDE most report that the feeling surrounding the spiritual beings and entities are pleasurable, and they feel completely disassociated with their physical body, have the ability to see through walls and they relate stories about what was happening outside the room where their physical body was pronounced clinically dead. Some report the transcendental or mystical elements emit a sense of complete peace and contentment and, on their return after communication with the spirits or entities, it has been reported by many people and they describe a male voice telling them that it is not their time and to go back to their earthly physical body. Returning to the Physical Body: On returning to their physical body, in most cases, they have a sense of being reborn, seeking to learn more about themselves, are stronger, self confident and pursue a life of truth with heightened appreciation and contentment. The typical near-death survivor emerges from their experience determined to live life to the fullest and most do not fear death. Negative NDE Experiences: Unfortunately, for others, the experience may not be a positive one. Some people have said they have increased fear, suffer from depression, and focus more on death. However, thankfully, it is a very small percentage that experience negativity after recovering from their NDE. Many survivors of NDE struggle with a fear of mental illness, ridicule and fear of rejection. Problems associated with negative experiences of NDE include depression, isolation, with a difficulty in explaining their experience to their family or to the medical profession and angry due to their difficulty after this experience to return to their previous beliefs. Those who experience a negative NDE can become very distressed, retreat into themselves, take years to adjust a near-death experience, believe that their experience was a hallucination rather than a real experience, fear to seek help or counselling and may feel that they have lost control over their minds. For these people, their mental stability is challenged as is their belief systems. The effects of those who experience negative NDE are often life-altering. No Scientific explanation to date can account or explain all of the aspects of near death experiences, why they happen or what are the causes and effects. NDEs follow a broad general pattern that crosses cultures; they remain in memory for decades as being realer than real. Scientists have delved into various forms of studies and a couple of examples include; lack of oxygen is not a factor in all NDEs, nor is the presence of drugs or medication responsible. Sceptics have a big problem with the belief in Near Death Experience because it is impossible to define the line between when life and death occurs. Definitions of death can vary from continent to continent and from culture to culture e.g.; what makes a person?, Define the soul or spirit in a person? and as none of this can be proved scientifically. However, this does not discount the real fact that many sincere and honest people have near-death experiences and that Scientists and Medical Practitioners have investigated the phenomena with no solid result or evidence to refute their experiences.

Native Americans and Alcohol Essay -- Native American History

Northern Native Americans were faced with many great hardships with the arrival of the Europeans, Spanish and the French. American Indians had thrived on American soil for thousands of years with great prosperity. Living among each other in a local economy and communities The Native Americans created a civilization that was harmonious with the land and spiritual world that surrounded them. They were able to sustain their survival from the living plants and animals that lived among them in this over abundant country and all of it's rich resources. Many different tribes thrived on this land by adapting well with the elements around them. They were able to use the one living animal that co-existed with their people and made sure that a good kill was worth the effort and danger that encountered it. The Native Americans were able to use every part of the animal killed from the hide to the hoofs in an effort of survival and to counter balance the spiritual world that engulfed their heritage. The natives would give back to the world that gave unto them. With an unfortelling future the Native Americans were not prepared for what storm was about to come ashore. Europeans would soon arrive and bring the Natives demise in more ways then one(Jones-Saumty). In 1492 Christopher Columbus was said to be the first arrival on American soil from the East. Columbus would bring many new and different commodities unseen by the Natives of this world. Europeans and the Spanish brought many commodities for their own survival in this new territory, such as plants and even animals. According to Calloway some of the food items brought from England and Spain were rice, wheat, barley,... ....1 ( 1998 )166-167 George and Barbara Perkins, â€Å" The American Tradition in Literature ,† ( Boston ) Mcgraw Hill, 2009 Robert s. Young, Jennie R. Joe. â€Å" Some Thoughts About Epidemiology of Alcohol and Drug Use Among American Indian Population†. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse. Vol. 8 Iss 3:(2009) 223 â€Å"What Prevents American Indians from Seeking Treatment for Alcohol Issues?† Web. 23 May 2015. Www.Goodtherapy.com/ Mancall, Peter C. "Men, women, and alcohol in Indian villages in the Great Lakes region in the early republic." Journal of the Early Republic. Indianapolis: Fall 1995. Vol. 15, Iss. 3; p. 425 William Laurence Saunders "The Colonial Records of North Carolina", Volume 5 1887. Web. 23 May 2015. https://books.google.com/ Craig Andrew, Robert B. Edgarton. "Drunken Comportment: A Social Explanation". Eliot Werner Publications. 2003

Voltaire and Pope

Use of Reason to Support Polarized Viewpoints During the Enlightenment great thinkers began to question all things. Rather than just believe in something because an authority (church, political authority, society) claimed it to be true, these men and women set out to find the truth through reason, to provide explanations for all actions and events. Both Alexander Pope and Voltaire discuss some of the more common questions posed during the Enlightenment: What is the nature of humanity and what is our role in the greater picture of the universe?Pope argues that everything in the universe, whether it is good or evil, is essentially perfect because is a part of God’s grand plan. In essence, Pope believed in pre-determined fate, where no matter our actions, our fate remains the same as it was decided upon before you were born. Voltaire will critique this viewpoint by exploring the negative results of the belief that blind faith will lead to the best possible result and that man doe s exercise free will.While Pope’s â€Å"Essay on Man† and Voltaire’s Candide are derived from polarized viewpoints and speak about a very different set of beliefs, they both use the same fundamental concept of reason to provide the basis of their argument. Alexander Pope set out to write his â€Å"Essay on Man† to use reason to justify his viewpoints of optimism, predetermined fate, and God’s use of both good and evil for balance in the universe.Pope begins the essay by claiming that man can only reason about things in which he has experience with and goes on to illustrate that our limited knowledge is not capable of understanding God’s systems by questioning, â€Å"What can we reason, but from what we know? † (17) He uses the reason that since man can only understand what is within the scope of his knowledge that he cannot expect to comprehend the greater systems that God knows intimately. Pope also believes deeply of in the Great Ch ain of Being and it is the foundation on which his arguments rest.This chain is a concept derived from the classical period and is a notion that all elements of the universe have a proper place in a divinely planned hierarchical order, which was pictured as a vertically extended chain (Renaissance). In its most simplistic form God would be at the top of the chain, man would be directly beneath it, and all other beings that existed would be beneath man. In the 2nd section of the essay, Pope begins by mocking men who do not know their own limits within the universe. He exclaims, â€Å"Presumptuous Man!The reason wouldst though find, / Why formed so weak, so little, and so blind? † (Pope 35-36) He goes on to say that man is not created in a perfect state and that all men have limitations by nature. He continues with the claim â€Å"say not Man’s imperfect, Heaven in fault; / Say rather, Man’s as perfect as he ought: / His knowledge measured to his state and place; / His time a moment, and a point his space† (69-72). Pope is reasoning that the limitations and imperfections in man are necessary for man’s place beneath God in the universe and the Great Chain of Being.Section III begins with Pope stating that God keeps the future fate of all creatures from them in order to protect them; that all beings are blessed to only be dealing with their present state. He reasons this by questioning if the lamb would happily †lick the hand just raised to shed his blood† (Pope 84). This symbolizes the predetermined fate that is made from God regardless of our actions and that only God is capable of knowing what the future has in store for all of the universe.In Section V, Pope reasons that God and nature have greater powers than man by speaking about the terrible effects that natural disasters, such as earthquakes, have with little resistance from man, â€Å"But All subsists by elemental strife; / And Passions are the elements of L ife. / The general Order, since the whole began, / Is kept in Nature, and is kept in Man† (169-172). He is speaking of these horrific and evil events as being a part of God’s almighty cause, that evil is always balanced by good.Pope concludes the first epistle of â€Å"An Essay on Man† with the thought that all that is within in the world is the way it should be as a result of God’s plan: All Nature is but Art, unkown to thee; All Chance, Direction, which thou canst not see; All Discord, Harmony not understood; All partial Evil, universal Good: And, spite of Pride, in erring Reason’s spite, One Truth is clear, WHATEVER is, IS RIGHT. (289-294) This belief that all that is is the best there is and that man has no control over his own destiny is a central component to the philosophical view of optimism.With an â€Å"Essay on Man† Pope uses reason to explain man’s role in the Great Chain of Being and that there is predetermined fate establ ished by God. While â€Å"An Essay on Man† is a poetic verse which uses reason to justify the viewpoints of optimism, predetermined fate, and God’s use of both good and evil for balance, Voltaire’s Candide is a satirical critique of the essay, while using reason to argue against the belief system of optimism.In Candide, the main character is raised in a home with a tutor name Pangloss who teaches Candide that â€Å"things cannot be otherwise than they are, for since everything is made to serve an end, everything necessarily serves the best end† (Voltaire 356). Voltaire is using the character of Pangloss and his teachings to symbolize Alexander Pope and is mocking Pope’s beliefs as the novel continues. Through Candide’s story, Voltaire will provide the evidence that disproves the belief that all that is, is right.The first of many terrible experiences that Candide goes through is when he is kicked out of the Baron’s castle for being ca ught kissing the Baron’s daughter Cunegonde. Upon being kicked out, a hungry, homeless, and broke Candide finds himself at a tavern where he is offered money and a drink from two strangers. Candide naively thinks back to Pangloss and that everything is for the best, that this is his fate, but is quickly transported into a cruel and violent military life where he is forced to endure physical hardships.Here Voltaire shows that the military’s giving of money to Candide was irrationally thought to be for the better, while it was really a ploy to capture Candide into being a soldier where he witnesses cruelty, violence, and evil – all reasonable evidence against Pangloss teachings. These horrible events are not fate or God’s balancing act, but this is the beginning of Candide’s witness to man doing evil to another man with no greater good in sight.Pangloss attempts to reason that catching syphilis is a part of the best of worlds by claiming that â€Å" if Columbus had not caught, on an American island, this sickness †¦ we should have neither chocolate nor cochineal† (Voltaire 361). Here Voltaire again critiques the irrational use of reason to support the belief that all that is, is for the best. After witnessing Pangloss’ hanging and being flogged himself, Candide asks himself, â€Å" If this is the best of all possible worlds, what are the others like? †¦ was it necessary for me to watch you being hanged, for no reason hat I can see? † (Voltaire 364) Here Candide is beginning to see these horrific tragedies as evidence that evidence and is using his reason to ponder that perhaps not all that happens in the world is for the best. Voltaire uses the experience of different characters in Candide to reason that evil is derived from mankind and freewill, not predetermined fate from God. One notable tragedy is that of the old woman who was born into a world of privilege and high class, but suffered through violence, rape, and slavery before meeting Candide.When the old woman asks Candide and Cunegonde to â€Å"ask every passenger on this ship to tell you his story, and if you find a single one who has not often cursed the day of his birth, †¦ then you may throw me overboard head first† Voltaire is reminding the reader of the importance of reason through investigation (373). As the story continues, Candide comes across an old and wise scholar named Martin. Voltaire uses this character to symbolize all the negative and pessimistic viewpoints that counter the optimistic ideal that all exists, exists for the best.Martin uses the evidence of his travels and experience to argue that there is nothing but evil in the world, which serves no purpose: â€Å" I have scarcely seen one town which did not wish to destroy its neighboring town, no family which did not wish to exterminate some other family† (Voltaire 389). The terrible history of Martin and his experiences are Voltai re’s evidence that not all that exists in the world is for the common good, which is contrary to Pangloss’ view that â€Å"private misfortunes make for public welfare† (Voltaire 361).While Martin may be a pessimist, he does believe in predetermined fate and by the time Candide and he are together, Candide, through his own experiences of the world, has begun to believe in free will. Through Candide’s travels Voltaire has shown the reader that not all that happens in this world happens for the greater good or is predetermined by God. At the end of many journeys that result in unjustifiably cruel tragedies, Candide, with all of the other characters, makes the choice to live simply in a garden and mind to it. While this view that one can proceed through life and make their own choices and determinations in the world is ontrary to Pope’s idea of predetermined fate according to the Greater Cause, both writers attempt to validate their claims through reas on. Works Cited Pope, Alexander. â€Å"Essay on Man. † The Norton Anthology of World Literature. 3rd Edition. Vol D. Martin Puchner ed. New York: Norton, 2012. 344-351. Print. â€Å"Renaissance. † Academic. brooklyn. cuny. edu. Brooklyn College, 30 Mar. 2009. Web. 20 Oct. 2012. . Voltaire, Francois de Arouet. Candide. The Norton Antology of World Literature. 3rd Edition. Vol D. Martin Puchner ed. New York: Norton, 20

Free Essays on Public Policy

The process of policymaking, like most other aspects of public policy, cannot simply be understood by examining flow charts and diagrams. Traditional teaching models like How a Bill Becomes a Law fail to take into account other policy-making factors like interest group and constituency influence, agenda setting and the role of the mass media. In the text, Dye illustrates the process that occurs in the enactment of public policy. Dye’s process of policymaking contains six steps. Each part of the process is essential to understanding public policy, and each part has varying participants. The six parts of Dye’s policymaking process are problem identification, agenda setting, policy formulation, policy legitimation, policy implementation and policy evaluation. Ideally, individual citizens and groups of individual citizens bring about the problems identified in our system of government. Democratic systems are designed to meet the demands brought about by its citizen. However, it is not possible for the government to meet every demand of every citizen. On top of this, the government rarely hears the demands of ordinary citizens on a regular basis. Thus, agenda setting, or deciding what the government pays attention to, is crucial in the making of public policy. Dye defines agenda setting as â€Å"Deciding what issues will be decided and what problems will be addressed by the government†. Scarcity on the political agenda creates the need for political elites, including but not limited to the president and congress, to draw attention to certain societal problems. In terms of agenda setting, political elites have almost absolute control. The next step in the policymaking process is policy formulation. Policy formulation is the development of policy alternatives for dealing with problems on the agenda. Once a problem becomes important enough to be on the political agenda, policy alternatives are formulated to fix that pro... Free Essays on Public Policy Free Essays on Public Policy The process of policymaking, like most other aspects of public policy, cannot simply be understood by examining flow charts and diagrams. Traditional teaching models like How a Bill Becomes a Law fail to take into account other policy-making factors like interest group and constituency influence, agenda setting and the role of the mass media. In the text, Dye illustrates the process that occurs in the enactment of public policy. Dye’s process of policymaking contains six steps. Each part of the process is essential to understanding public policy, and each part has varying participants. The six parts of Dye’s policymaking process are problem identification, agenda setting, policy formulation, policy legitimation, policy implementation and policy evaluation. Ideally, individual citizens and groups of individual citizens bring about the problems identified in our system of government. Democratic systems are designed to meet the demands brought about by its citizen. However, it is not possible for the government to meet every demand of every citizen. On top of this, the government rarely hears the demands of ordinary citizens on a regular basis. Thus, agenda setting, or deciding what the government pays attention to, is crucial in the making of public policy. Dye defines agenda setting as â€Å"Deciding what issues will be decided and what problems will be addressed by the government†. Scarcity on the political agenda creates the need for political elites, including but not limited to the president and congress, to draw attention to certain societal problems. In terms of agenda setting, political elites have almost absolute control. The next step in the policymaking process is policy formulation. Policy formulation is the development of policy alternatives for dealing with problems on the agenda. Once a problem becomes important enough to be on the political agenda, policy alternatives are formulated to fix that pro...

PRIVACY AND THEN NOW Example

PRIVACY AND THEN NOW Example PRIVACY AND THEN NOW – Coursework Example Privacy now and then According to Warren and Brandeis, privacy was a reflection of social condition of its era. In fact, the concept of privacy developed by Warren and Brandeis was a response to industrialization, impersonalization of work and growth of mass urban areas. They argue that the right of privacy was a necessary outgrowth of the â€Å"intensity and complexity of life† realized through advancing civilization. They added that social standards and morality were to be protected hence the object of privacy according to Warren and Brandeis, was an effort to preserve communitarian values and institutions (Bezanson, 1992). The social and cultural changes that took place between 1890 and 1990 played a vital role in shaping today’s privacy rules. It is a fact to claim that circumstances have changed so much that the rationale of privacy also has to change (Bezanson, 1992). The 1890 privacy focused more on the problem of access by the lower class of society to gain the information regarding the upper class. However, the 1990 privacy was more of a democratic concept as opposed to class. That is, the concept of privacy focused on individual’s interest in some measure of control over self through control over information (Bezanson, 1992). In 1890, the privacy rules were intended to protect the operation of a fixed set of social arrangements and conventions through regulating the process of disclosing the information. On the contrary, the 1990 privacy rules aimed at giving an individual control over the disclosure of confidential personal information through a complex combination of personal and social relationship (Bezanson, 1992). In conclusion, the concept of privacy in the 21st century has been modified to focus on individual’s identified private information thereby addressing two concerns of the common law: rules of liability should be inclined to consistent and principled application, and rules should be established upon social con sensus that is a true reflection of the complexities of social arrangements. ReferencesBezanson, R. P. (1992). The Right to Privacy Revisited: Privacy News and Social change, 1890-1990. Carlifonia: Carlifonia Law Review.

The Absent People The Symbolic Republic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Absent People The Symbolic Republic - Essay Example By doing this, we will not only be able to understand about what the primary purpose was of Rosanvallon's writing this book, but as well how Rosanvallon himself thinks and what his major goals are. This is what will be dissertated in the following. One of the most major issues that is discussed in this book is that of the matter of repoliticizing democracy, and in the beginning of this discussion, Rosanvallon makes it very clear that he has an approach which "forces the stress to fall on the paradox that the growth of social power, in essentially negative modes, has come linked to forms of the hollowing of the political. The response to undertake, on the basis of the foregoing understanding, has two components: the institutionalization and rationalization of the forms of indirect democracy on the one hand and its politicization on the other" (Rosanvallon, 2006). These two components are incredibly important to take into consideration and in order to take them properly into consideration, we need to compare them with that of other work, such as for instance that of John J. Davenport, who too specializes in the same area as Rosanvallon, and in Davenport's opinion, he rather negatively criticizes that of the institutionalization and rationalization of the forms of indirect democracy, as he points out that there are many flaws that occur within this. As well, he makes statements that moralize around the opinion that the theory of socialization has a lot to do with this matter, and he argues that it is yet not included enough. While someone like Davenport believes that there would be much that would be needed to be done in order to even come to a remote form of civilization in regards to the matter of institutionalization and rationalization of the forms of indirect democracy, Rosanvallon on the other hand, believes that this component is actually the easiest to grasp out of the two, and that it would actually not take all that much to make some sort of a contribution or a change in regards to this matter. With the second component of democratic progress, which Rosanvallon - and many others - believe should be put into action, which is that of the politicization of indirect democracy, he believes that this co mponent is actually the most difficult out of the two given, and as well that it is the most important. Rosanvallon makes it very clear throughout this particular work of his that he believes that there is an incredibly large range of practical works of resymbolization, and as well of the production of generality. He states that "Against exceptionalist conceptions of the political, the return of the political would have to be understood as proceeding from an ensemble of actions and discourses for producing commonality and making the system of social interactions both more legible and more visible. Giving meaning back to politics, then, cannot take place in the first instance through the

How to make oral presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

How to make oral presentation - Essay Example It is also easier to understand the topic if it is interpreted in simpler words. Make an outline of the presentation. This will help organize not only the presentation but also the thought of the person delivering the oral presentation. Outline serves as guide for the presentation. This could be done through powerpoint and the presentor’s own printed copy with corresponding explanation. Do a dry run presentation a couple of days before the presentation. It will also help a lot if such dry run will be recorded so that the student can play back and observe how he or she is doing in the presentation and do some corresponding adjustments to make the presentation better. Dry run will also let the student have a feel of the presentation which would help diminish the nervousness during the presentation proper. Also, dry runs allow the student to make all possible mistakes without the deduction in grade or embarrassment. Do one last review and dry run of the subject matter to be presented a day before the presentation. Then relax and get enough sleep. Arrive at the presentation venue earlier to be able to relax and settle down. This will help to remove the nervousness and make the presentor more